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Neurophysiological Effects of Spinal Manipulation Bolton, P.S., 2000. Reflex effects
of vertebral subluxations: the peripheral nervous system. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 23
(2), 101-103. Bolton, P., Budgell, B. [In Press] Spinal manipulation and spinal mobilization influence
different axial sensory beds. Medical Hypotheses. Colloca, C.J., Keller, T.S., 2001. Electromyographic
reflex responses to mechanical force, manually assisted spinal manipulative therapy. Spine, 26 (10), 1117-1124.
Colloca, C., Keller, T., Gunzburg, R. (2004) Biomechanical and neurophysiological responses to spinal manipulation
in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27 (1), 1-15. Curtis, P., 1988. Spinal manipulation: does it work? Occupational Medicine, 3 (1), 31-44. DeVocht,
J.W., Pickar, J.G., Wilder, D.G., 2005. Spinal manipulation alters electromyographic activity of paraspinal muscles:
a descriptive study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 28 (9), 465-471. Dishman, D.J., Bulbulian, R., 2000. Spinal reflex attenuation associated with spinal manipulation. Spine, 25
(19), 2519-2525. Dishman, D.J., Ball, K.A., Burke, J., 2002a. Central motor excitability changes after
spinal manipulation: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,
25 (1), 1-9. Dishman, D.J., Cunningham, B.M., Burke, J., 2002b. Comparison of tibial nerve H-reflex excitability
after cervical and lumbar spine manipulation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 25 (5), 318-325. Evans, D.W., 2002. Mechanisms and effects of spinal high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust
manipulation: previous theories: review of the literature. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 25
(4), 251-262. Flowman, Y., Liram, N., Gilai, A.N., 1997. Spinal manipulation results in immediate H-reflex
changes in patients with unilateral disc herniation. European Spine Journal, 6 (6), 398-401.
Herzog, W., Zhang, Y.T., Conway, P.J., Kawchuk, G.N., 1993b. Cavitation sounds during spinal manipulative treatments.
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (8), 523-526. Herzog, W., Scheele, D.,
Conway, P.J., 1999. Electromyographic responses of back and limb muscles associated with spinal manipulative therapy.
Spine, 24 (2), 146-152. Indahl, A., Kaigle, A.M., Reikeras, O., Holm, S.H., 1997. Interaction between the
porcine lumbar intervertebral disc, zygapophyseal joints, and paraspinal muscles. Spine, 22 (24), 2834-2840. Katavich, L. (1998) Differential effects of spinal manipulative therapy on acute and chronic muscle
spasm: a proposal for mechanisms and efficacy. Manual Therapy, 3 (3), 132-139. Keller, T.S., Colloca,
C.J., 2000. Mechanical force spinal manipulation increases trunk muscle strength assessed by electromyography: a comparative
clinical trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 23 (9), 585-595. Lehman, G.J.,
Vernon, H., McGill, S.M., 2001. Effects of a mechanical pain stimulus on erector spinae activity before and after a
spinal manipulation in patients with back pain: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological
Therapeutics, 24 (6), 402-406. Pickar, J.G., Kang, Y., 2006. Paraspinal muscle spindle responses to the
duration of a spinal manipulation under force control. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 29 (1),
22-31. Sihvonen, T., Huttunen, M., Makkonen, M., Airaksinen, O., 1998. Functional changes in back muscle
activity correlate with pain intensity and prediction of low back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation,
79, 1210-1212. Souvlis, T., Vincenzino, B., Wright, A. (2005) Neurophysiological effects of spinal manual therapy.
In Grieve's modern manual therapy, The Vertebral Column. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh. Ch. 25 p.368.
Suter, E., Herzog, W., Conway, P.J., Zhang, Y. (1994) Reflex response associated with manipulative treatment
of the thoracic spine. Journal of Neuromusculoskeletal System, 2, 124-130. Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray
R. (1999) Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain. Journal
of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 22 (3), 149-153. Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. (2000)
Conservative lower back treatment reduces inhibition in knee-extensor muscles: a randomized controlled trial. Journal
of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 23 (2), 76-80. Suter, E., McMorland, G. (2002) Decrease in
elbow flexor inhibition after cervical spine manipulation in patients with chronic neck pain. Clinical Biomechanics,
17, 541-544. Suter, E., McMorland, G., Herzog, W. (2005) Short-term effects of spinal manipulation on H-reflex amplitude
in healthy and symptomatic subjects. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 28 (9), 667-672.
Symons BP, Herzog W, Leonard T, Nguyen H. (2000) Reflex responses associated with activator treatment. Journal of
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Cracking joints. Annals of Rheumatology & Disease, 30, 348-358.
Biomechanical Effects of Spinal Manipulation Beffa, R, Mathews, R. (2004) Does the adjustment
cavitate the targeted joint? An investigation into the location of cavitation sounds. Journal of Manipulative Physiological
Therapeutics, 27 (2), 118-122. Bereznick, D., Ross, K. McGill, S. (2002) The frictional properties at the
thoracic skin-fascia interface: implications in spine manipulation. Clinical Biomechanics, 17, 297-303.
Cassidy, J.D., Lopes, A.A., Yong-Hing, K. (1992) The immediate effect of manipulation versus mobilisation on pain and
range of motion in the cervical spine: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,
15 (9), 570-575. Colloca, C., Keller, T., Gunzburg, R. (2004) Biomechanical and neurophysiological responses
to spinal manipulation in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,
27 (1), 1-15. Cramer, G.D., Tuck, N.R., Knudsen, J.T. (2000) Effects of side-posture positioning and side-posture
adjusting on the lumbar zygapophyseal joints as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: a before and after study with randomization.
Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 23, 380-394. Gal, J., Herzog, W., Kawchuk, G., Conway,
P., Zhang, Y. (1997) Movements of vertebrae during manipulative thrusts to unembalmed human cadavers. Journal
of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 20 (1), 30-40. Haas, M. (1990a) The physics of spinal manipulation.
Part I. The myth of F = ma. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (4), 204-206.
Haas, M. (1990b) The physics of spinal manipulation. Part II. A theoretical consideration of the adjustive force. Journal
of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (5), 253-256. Haas, M. (1990c) The physics of spinal
manipulation. Part III. Some characteristics of adjusting that facilitate joint distraction. Journal of Manipulative
& Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (6), 305-308. Haas, M. (1990d) The physics of spinal manipulation.
Part IV. A theoretical consideration of the physician impact force and energy requirements needed to produce synovial joint
cavitation. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (7), 378-383. Herzog, W. (1993a)
The Physics of Spinal Manipulation: Work-Energy and Impulse-Momentum Principles. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological
Therapeutics, 16 (1), 51-54. Herzog, W., Zhang, Y.T., Conway, P.J., Kawchuk, G.N. (1993b) Cavitation sounds
during spinal manipulative treatments. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (8), 523-526.
Herzog W, Conway PJ, Kawchuk GN, Zhang Y, Hasler EM. (1993c) Forces exerted during spinal manipulative
therapy. Spine, 18 (9), 1206-12. Lee, R., McGregor, A., Bull, A., et al. (2005) Dynamic response of the
cervical spine to posteroanterior mobilisation. Clinical Biomechanics, 20, 228-231. McGregor, A., Wragg,
P., Gedroyc, W. (2001) Can interventional MRI provide an insight into the mechanics of a posterior-anterior mobilisation?
Clinical Biomechanics, 16, 926-929. Ngan, J., Chow, D., Homes, A. (2005) The kinematics and intra- and
inter-therapist consistencies of lower cervical rotational manipulation. Medical Engineering & Physics, 27, 395-401. Ross, J., Bereznick, D., McGill, S. (2004) Determining cavitation location during lumbar and thoracic spinal manipulation:
is spinal manipulation accurate and specific? Spine, 29, 1452-1457. Triano, J. (1992) Studies on the biomechanical
effect of a spinal adjustment. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 15 (1), 71-75. Van
Schalkwyk, R., Parkin-Smith, G. (2000) A Clinical Trial Investigating the Possible Effect of the Supine Cervical Rotatory
Manipulation and the Supine Lateral Break Manipulation in the Treatment of Mechanical Neck Pain: A Pilot Study. Journal
of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 23(5), 324-331. Unsworth, A., Dowson, D., Wright, Y. (1971)
Cracking joints. Annals of Rheumatology & Disease, 30, 348-358.
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Forces Exerted During Spinal Manipulation Bereznick, D., Ross, K. McGill, S. (2002)
The frictional properties at the thoracic skin-fascia interface: implications in spine manipulation. Clinical Biomechanics,
17, 297-303. Conway, P.J.W, Herzog, W., Zhang, Y., et al. (1993) Forces required to cause cavitation during spinal
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D. (1997) Variability of forces applied by experienced therapists during spinal mobilization. Clinical Biomechanics,
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Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (1), 51-54. Herzog, W., Zhang, Y.T., Conway, P.J.,
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Spine, 26 (19), 2105-2111. Kawchuk, G., Herzog, W., Hasler, E. (1992) Forces generated during spinal manipulative
therapy of cervical spine: a pilot study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 15 (5), 275-278. Lee, R., McGregor, A., Bull, A., et al. (2005) Dynamic response of the cervical spine to posteroanterior mobilisation.
Clinical Biomechanics, 20, 228-231. McCarthy, P., Prudden, M., Byfield, D. (2002) An investigation of the manipulative
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Cervical Spine Manipulation Evidence Bronfort, G., Haas, M., Evans, R., Bouter, L. (2004)
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