Neurophysiological Effects of Spinal Manipulation

Bolton, P.S., 2000.  Reflex effects of vertebral subluxations: the peripheral nervous system.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 23 (2), 101-103.  

Bolton, P., Budgell, B. [In Press]  Spinal manipulation and spinal mobilization influence different axial sensory beds.  Medical Hypotheses.

Colloca, C.J., Keller, T.S., 2001.  Electromyographic reflex responses to mechanical force, manually assisted spinal manipulative therapy.  Spine, 26 (10), 1117-1124.

Colloca, C., Keller, T., Gunzburg, R. (2004)  Biomechanical and neurophysiological responses to spinal manipulation in patients with lumbar radiculopathy.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27 (1), 1-15.

Curtis, P., 1988.  Spinal manipulation: does it work?  Occupational Medicine, 3 (1), 31-44.

DeVocht, J.W., Pickar, J.G., Wilder, D.G., 2005.  Spinal manipulation alters electromyographic activity of paraspinal muscles: a descriptive study.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 28 (9), 465-471.
    
Dishman, D.J., Bulbulian, R., 2000.  Spinal reflex attenuation associated with spinal manipulation.  Spine, 25 (19), 2519-2525.

Dishman, D.J., Ball, K.A., Burke, J., 2002a.  Central motor excitability changes after spinal manipulation: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 25 (1), 1-9.

Dishman, D.J., Cunningham, B.M., Burke, J., 2002b.  Comparison of tibial nerve H-reflex excitability after cervical and lumbar spine manipulation.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 25 (5), 318-325.
    
Evans, D.W., 2002.  Mechanisms and effects of spinal high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust manipulation: previous theories: review of the literature.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 25 (4), 251-262.

Flowman, Y., Liram, N., Gilai, A.N., 1997.  Spinal manipulation results in immediate H-reflex changes in patients with unilateral disc herniation.  European Spine Journal, 6 (6), 398-401.  

Herzog, W., Zhang, Y.T., Conway, P.J., Kawchuk, G.N., 1993b.  Cavitation sounds during spinal manipulative treatments.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (8), 523-526.   

Herzog, W., Scheele, D., Conway, P.J., 1999.  Electromyographic responses of back and limb muscles associated with spinal manipulative therapy.  Spine, 24 (2), 146-152.

Indahl, A., Kaigle, A.M., Reikeras, O., Holm, S.H., 1997.  Interaction between the porcine lumbar intervertebral disc, zygapophyseal joints, and paraspinal muscles.  Spine, 22 (24), 2834-2840.  

Katavich, L. (1998)  Differential effects of spinal manipulative therapy on acute and chronic
muscle spasm: a proposal for mechanisms and efficacy.  Manual Therapy, 3 (3), 132-139.

Keller, T.S., Colloca, C.J., 2000.  Mechanical force spinal manipulation increases trunk muscle strength assessed by electromyography: a comparative clinical trial.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 23 (9), 585-595.

Lehman, G.J., Vernon, H., McGill, S.M., 2001.  Effects of a mechanical pain stimulus on erector spinae activity before and after a spinal manipulation in patients with back pain: a preliminary investigation.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 24 (6), 402-406.

Pickar, J.G., Kang, Y., 2006.  Paraspinal muscle spindle responses to the duration of a spinal manipulation under force control.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 29 (1), 22-31.

Sihvonen, T., Huttunen, M., Makkonen, M., Airaksinen, O., 1998.  Functional changes in back muscle activity correlate with pain intensity and prediction of low back pain.  Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 79, 1210-1212.

Souvlis, T., Vincenzino, B., Wright, A. (2005) Neurophysiological effects of spinal manual therapy. In Grieve's modern manual therapy, The Vertebral Column. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh. Ch. 25 p.368.

Suter, E., Herzog, W., Conway, P.J., Zhang, Y. (1994)  Reflex response associated with manipulative treatment of the thoracic spine.  Journal of Neuromusculoskeletal System, 2, 124-130.

Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. (1999) Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 22 (3), 149-153.   Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. (2000) Conservative lower back treatment reduces inhibition in knee-extensor muscles: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 23 (2), 76-80.

Suter, E., McMorland, G. (2002)  Decrease in elbow flexor inhibition after cervical spine manipulation in patients with chronic neck pain.  Clinical Biomechanics, 17, 541-544.

Suter, E., McMorland, G., Herzog, W. (2005) Short-term effects of spinal manipulation on H-reflex amplitude in healthy and symptomatic subjects. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 28 (9), 667-672.   Symons BP, Herzog W, Leonard T, Nguyen H. (2000) Reflex responses associated with activator treatment. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 23 (3), 155-159.

Unsworth, A., Dowson, D., Wright, Y., 1971.  Cracking joints.  Annals of Rheumatology & Disease, 30, 348-358. 

Biomechanical Effects of Spinal Manipulation

Beffa, R, Mathews, R. (2004) Does the adjustment cavitate the targeted joint? An investigation into the location of cavitation sounds. Journal of Manipulative Physiological Therapeutics, 27 (2), 118-122.

Bereznick, D., Ross, K. McGill, S. (2002)  The frictional properties at the thoracic skin-fascia interface: implications in spine manipulation.  Clinical Biomechanics, 17, 297-303.

Cassidy, J.D., Lopes, A.A., Yong-Hing, K. (1992)  The immediate effect of manipulation versus mobilisation on pain and range of motion in the cervical spine: a randomised controlled trial.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 15 (9), 570-575.

Colloca, C., Keller, T., Gunzburg, R. (2004)  Biomechanical and neurophysiological responses to spinal manipulation in patients with lumbar radiculopathy.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27 (1), 1-15.

Cramer, G.D., Tuck, N.R., Knudsen, J.T. (2000)  Effects of side-posture positioning and side-posture adjusting on the lumbar zygapophyseal joints as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: a before and after study with randomization.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 23, 380-394.

Gal, J., Herzog, W., Kawchuk, G., Conway, P., Zhang, Y. (1997)  Movements of vertebrae during manipulative thrusts to unembalmed human cadavers.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 20 (1), 30-40.

Haas, M. (1990a) The physics of spinal manipulation. Part I. The myth of F = ma.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (4), 204-206.

Haas, M. (1990b) The physics of spinal manipulation. Part II. A theoretical consideration of the adjustive force.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (5), 253-256.

Haas, M. (1990c)  The physics of spinal manipulation. Part III. Some characteristics of adjusting that facilitate joint distraction.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (6), 305-308.

Haas, M. (1990d)  The physics of spinal manipulation. Part IV. A theoretical consideration of the physician impact force and energy requirements needed to produce synovial joint cavitation.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (7), 378-383.

Herzog, W. (1993a)  The Physics of Spinal Manipulation: Work-Energy and Impulse-Momentum Principles.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (1), 51-54.

Herzog, W., Zhang, Y.T., Conway, P.J., Kawchuk, G.N. (1993b)  Cavitation sounds during spinal manipulative treatments.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (8), 523-526.  

Herzog W, Conway PJ, Kawchuk GN, Zhang Y, Hasler EM. (1993c) Forces exerted during spinal manipulative therapy. Spine, 18 (9), 1206-12.

Lee, R., McGregor, A., Bull, A., et al. (2005) Dynamic response of the cervical spine to posteroanterior mobilisation.  Clinical Biomechanics, 20, 228-231.

McGregor, A., Wragg, P., Gedroyc, W. (2001) Can interventional MRI provide an insight into the mechanics of a posterior-anterior mobilisation?  Clinical Biomechanics, 16, 926-929.

Ngan, J., Chow, D., Homes, A. (2005)  The kinematics and intra- and inter-therapist consistencies of lower cervical rotational manipulation.  Medical Engineering & Physics, 27, 395-401.

Ross, J., Bereznick, D., McGill, S. (2004) Determining cavitation location during lumbar and thoracic spinal manipulation: is spinal manipulation accurate and specific? Spine, 29, 1452-1457.

Triano, J. (1992)  Studies on the biomechanical effect of a spinal adjustment.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 15 (1), 71-75.

Van Schalkwyk, R., Parkin-Smith, G. (2000) A Clinical Trial Investigating the Possible Effect of the Supine Cervical Rotatory Manipulation and the Supine Lateral Break Manipulation in the Treatment of Mechanical Neck Pain: A Pilot Study.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 23(5), 324-331.

Unsworth, A., Dowson, D., Wright, Y. (1971)  Cracking joints.  Annals of Rheumatology & Disease, 30, 348-358.

Clinical Reasoning References

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Forces Exerted During Spinal Manipulation


Bereznick, D., Ross, K. McGill, S. (2002)  The frictional properties at the thoracic skin-fascia interface: implications in spine manipulation.  Clinical Biomechanics, 17, 297-303.

Conway, P.J.W, Herzog, W., Zhang, Y., et al. (1993) Forces required to cause cavitation during spinal manipulation of the thoracic spine. Clinical Biomechanics, 8, 210-214.

Haas, M. (1990a) The physics of spinal manipulation. Part I. The myth of F = ma.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (4), 204-206.

Haas, M. (1990b) The physics of spinal manipulation. Part II. A theoretical consideration of the adjustive force.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (5), 253-256.

Haas, M. (1990c)  The physics of spinal manipulation. Part III. Some characteristics of adjusting that facilitate joint distraction.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (6), 305-308.

Haas, M. (1990d)  The physics of spinal manipulation. Part IV. A theoretical consideration of the physician impact force and energy requirements needed to produce synovial joint cavitation.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 13 (7), 378-383.

Harms, M., Bader, D. (1997)  Variability of forces applied by experienced therapists during spinal mobilization.  Clinical Biomechanics, 12 (6), 393-399.

Herzog, W. (1993) The Physics of Spinal Manipulation: Work-Energy and Impulse-Momentum Principles.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (1), 51-54.

Herzog, W., Zhang, Y.T., Conway, P.J., Kawchuk, G.N., (1993a) Cavitation sounds during spinal manipulative treatments. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16 (8), 523-526.

Herzog, W., Kawchuk, G., Conway, P. (1993b) Relationship between preload and peak forces during spinal manipulative treatments. Journal of the Neuromusculoskeletal System, 1 (2), 52-58.

Herzog, W., Conway, P., Kawchuk, G., Zhang, Y. (1993c) Forces exerted during spinal manipulative therapy. Spine, 18 (9), 1206-1212.

Herzog, W., Kats, M., Symons, B. (2001) The effective forces transmitted by high-speed, low-amplitude thoracic manipulation. Spine, 26 (19), 2105-2111.

Kawchuk, G., Herzog, W., Hasler, E. (1992) Forces generated during spinal manipulative therapy of cervical spine: a pilot study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 15 (5), 275-278.

Lee, R., McGregor, A., Bull, A., et al. (2005) Dynamic response of the cervical spine to posteroanterior mobilisation.  Clinical Biomechanics, 20, 228-231.

McCarthy, P., Prudden, M., Byfield, D. (2002) An investigation of the manipulative parameters of postgraduate chiropractors. European Journal of Chiropractic, 50, 15-25.

McGregor, A., Wragg, P., Gedroyc, W. (2001) Can interventional MRI provide an insight into the mechanics of a posterior-anterior mobilisation?  Clinical Biomechanics, 16, 926-929.

Ngan, J., Chow, D., Homes, A. (2005)  The kinematics and intra- and inter-therapist consistencies of lower cervical rotational manipulation.  Medical Engineering & Physics, 27, 395-401. Enter content here

Cervical Spine Manipulation Evidence

Bronfort, G., Haas, M., Evans, R., Bouter, L. (2004) Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis.  The Spine Journal, 4 (3), 335-356.

Gross, A., Hoving, J., Haines, T., et al. (2004) A Cochrane Review of Manipulation and Mobilization for Mechanical Neck Disorders.  Spine, 29 (14), 1541-1548.

Fernandez-de-las-Penas, C., Downey, C., Miangolarra-Page, J. (2005) Validity of the lateral gliding test as tool for the diagnosis of intervertebral joint dysfunction in the lower cervical spine.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 28 (8), 610-616.

Haas, M., Groupp, E., Panzer, D. (2003) Efficacy of cervical endplay assessment as an indicator for spinal manipulation.  Spine, 28 (11), 1091-1096.

Haavik-Taylor, H., Murphy, B. (2006) Cervical spine manipulation alters sensorimotor integration: a somatosensory evoked potential study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118 (2), 391-402.

Jull, G., Zito, G., Trott, P., Potter, H., Shirley, D., Richardson, C. (1997) Inter-examiner reliability to detect painful upper cervical joint dysfunction.  Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 43 (2), 125-129.

Smedmark, V., Wallin, M., Arvidsson, I. (2000) Inter-examiner reliability in assessing passive intervertebral motion of the cervical spine.  Manual Therapy, 5 (2), 97-101.

Tseng, Y., Wang, W., Chen, W., Hou, T. [In Press] Predictors for the immediate responders to cervical manipulation in patients with neck pain.  Manual Therapy.  

Van Schalkwyk, R., Parkin-Smith, G. (2000) A Clinical Trial Investigating the Possible Effect of the Supine Cervical Rotatory Manipulation and the Supine Lateral Break Manipulation in the Treatment of Mechanical Neck Pain: A Pilot Study.  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 23(5), 324-331.

Van Trijffel, E., Anderegg, Q., Bossuyt, P., Lucas, C. (2005) Inter-examiner reliability of passive assessment of intervertebral motion in the cervical and lumbar spine: a systematic review.  Manual Therapy, 10 (4), 256-269.

Hypoalgesic Effects and Pain Physiology of Spinal Manipulation

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Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Wouters LL, Janssens K (2003) The immediate effects of a cervical lateral glide treatment technique in patients with neurogenic cervicobrachial pain. Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy, 33, 369-378.

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McCarthy CJ, Cairns MC (2005) Why is the recent research regarding non-specific pain so non-specific? Manual Therapy; 10(4): 239-241.

Mohammadian P, Gonsalves A, Tsai C, Hummel T, Carpenter T (2004) Areas of capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia are reduced by a single chiropractic adjustment: a preliminary study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics; 27: 381-387.

Maher, C., Latimer, J. (1992)  Pain or resistance-the manual therapist's dilemma.  Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 38 (4), 257-260.

Moseley, L. (2003)  A pain neuromatrix approach to patients with chronic pain.  Manual Therapy, 8 (3), 130-140.

Paungmali, A., O'Leary, S., Souvlis, T., Vicenzino, B. (2004)  Naloxone fails to antagonize initial hypoalgesic effect of a manual therapy treatment for lateral epicondylalgia.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27 (3), 180-185.
 
Potter L, McCarthy C, Oldham J (2005) Physiological effects of spinal manipulation: a review of proposed theories. Physical Therapy Reviews, 10, 163-170.

Seaman, D., Cleveland, C., (1999)  Spinal Pain Syndromes: Nociceptive, Neuropathic, and Psychologic Mechanisms.  Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 22 (7), 458-472.

Shacklock, M. (1999a)  Central pain mechanisms: A new horizon in manual therapy.  Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 45, 83-92.

Shacklock, M. (1999b)  The clinical application of central pain mechanisms in manual therapy.  Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 45, 215-221.

Skyba, D., Radhakrishnan, R., Rohlwig, J., Sluka, K. (2003) Joint Manipulation reduces hyperalgesia by activation of monoamine receptors but not opioid or GABA receptors in the spinal cord. Pain, 106, 159-168.

Slater, H., Arendt-Nielsen L., Wright, A., Graven-Nielsen, T. (2006) Effects of a manual therapy technique in experimental lateral epicondylalgia. Manual Therapy, 11 (2), 107-117.

Sterling, M., Jull, G., Wright, A. (2001) Cervical mobilisation: concurrent effects on pain, sympathetic nervous system activity and motor activity. Manual Therapy, 6 (2), 72-81.

Vicenzino, B., Collins, D., Wright, A. (1995) The initial effects of a cervical spine manipulative physiotherapy treatment on the pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia. Pain, 68, 69-74.

Vicenzino, B., Collins, D., Wright, A. (1996) The initial effects of cervical spine manipulative physiotherapy treatment on the pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia. Pain, 68, 69-74.

Vicenzino, B., Collins, D., Benson, H., Wright, A. (1998) An investigation of the interrelationship between manipulative therapy-induced hypoalgesia and sympathoexcitation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 21 (7), 448-453.

Vicenzino, B., Cartwright, T., Collins, D., Wright, A. (1999) An investigation of stress and pain perception during manual therapy in asymptomatic subjects. European Journal of Pain, 3, 13-18.

Vicenzino, B., Paungmali, A., Buratowski, S., Wright, A. (2001) Specific manipulative therapy treatment for chronic lateral epicondylalgia produces uniquely characteristic hypoalgesia. Manual Therapy, 6 (4), 205-212.

Wright, A. (1995)  Hypoalgesia post-manipulative therapy: a review of a potential neurophysiological mechanism.  Manual Therapy, 1 (1), 11-16.

Wright A, Vicenzino B (1995) Cervical mobilisation techniques, sympathetic nervous system effects and their relationship to analgesia. In: Shacklock M (ed) Moving in on Pain, Butterworth-Heinemann, Adelaide; 164-173.

Zusman M (1994) What does manipulation do? The need for basic research. In: Boyling JD, Palastanga N (eds) Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The vertebral Column. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh; 651-659.


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